Apple Watch

The Apple Watch (advertised adapted as Apple WATCH) is a smartwatch created by Apple Inc. It joins wellness following and well being focused capacities with reconciliation with iOS and other Apple items and administrations. The gadget is accessible in four variations: Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, Apple Watch Hermès, and Apple Watch Edition. The Watch is recognized by various mixes of cases and first or outsider compatible groups. Apple Watch depends on a remotely associated iPhone to perform a number of its default capacities, for example, calling and messaging. It is perfect with the iPhone 5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later, using Bluetooth. Reported by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, the gadget was accessible for pre-request on April 10 and started sending on April 24, 2015. The Apple Watch rapidly turned into the smash hit wearable gadget at the time, with the shipment of 4.2 million smartwatches in the second quarter of 2015.

The objective of the Apple Watch was to free individuals from their telephones. Kevin Lynch was conveyed on by Apple to make wearable innovation for the wrist. He said: "Individuals are conveying their telephones with them and taking a gander at the screen to such an extent. Individuals need that level of engagement. Be that as it may, how would we give it in a way that is somewhat more human, somewhat more in the minute when you're with some person?" The Apple Watch works by interfacing through Bluetooth to the telephone and getting to any Watch perfect applications put away on the cell phone. Apple's advancement procedure was held all that much under wraps until a Wired article uncovered how some inward plan choices were made.

DESIGN

The Apple Watch comes in four accumulations (Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, Apple Watch Edition, and Apple Watch Hermès) and highlights two case sizes: 38 mm (1.5 in) and 42 mm (1.7 in). The instance of the watch incorporates a component to empower the straps to be tradable. For information, the watch incorporates an "advanced crown", which can be swung to parchment or zoom and squeezed to come back to the home screen, and a touchscreen that components Force Touch innovation, which makes it weight touchy and fit for recognizing a tap and a press. The watch additionally has a side catch which can be utilized to show a rundown of contacts, or get to Apple Pay. Apple rates the gadget's battery for 18 hours of blended use. Mac Watch is charged by method for inductive charging, utilizing a link like the MagSafe link from Apple's MacBook group of portable workstations. In the event that the watch's battery drains to under 10 percent, the client is alarmed and offered to empower a "force save" mode, which permits the client to keep on perusing the ideal opportunity for an extra 72 hours. The watch then returns to its unique mode when energized.

Apple does not unequivocally showcase Apple Watch as being waterproof, expressing that it can withstand sprinkles of water, (for example, rain and hand washing), however does not prescribe submersion (IPX7). In any case, outside testing by The Iconfactory and others uncovered that Apple Watch can work when submerged in different conditions, (for example, swimming), in spite of the fact that its touchscreen encounters "whimsical" conduct when submerged. Moreover, utilization in water might void its guarantee, constituting "harm brought on by [use] outside Apple's distributed rules", and applications exploiting this may not be permitted per App Store approaches which restrict the distributed of applications that urge clients to utilize gadgets in ways that might harm them.

HARDWARE

The Apple Watch utilizes the S1 framework on-chip. It utilizes a direct actuator called the "Taptic Engine" to give haptic criticism when a caution or a warning is gotten, and is utilized for different purposes by certain applications. The watch is outfitted with an implicit heart rate sensor, which utilizes both infrared and unmistakable light LEDs and photodiodes. All renditions of the Apple Watch have 8 GB of capacity, the working framework permits the client to put away to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photographs. At the point when the Apple Watch is matched with an iPhone, all music on that iPhone is likewise accessible from the Apple Watch.

Quantum telescope could make giant mirrors obsolete

Cloned light: Could a small "quantum telescope" be as good?

Quantum mechanics, rather than a huge telescope, could be the best route to high-resolution space images, according to new research carried out in the UK. If confirmed, a telescope of any size could resolve ever-smaller features of the night sky, allowing astronomers to discover exoplanets and other distant objects much more easily than is currently possible.

The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) telescope on the volcanic island of La Palma in the Canary Islands is a prime example of a massive telescope. With a mirror spanning more than 10 metres, it is the biggest single-aperture optical telescope in the world, and has delivered some of the clearest images ever recorded of distant galaxies, globular clusters and nebulae. But the GTC was not cheap to build: it cost €130 million and took seven years.

Uncertain times

The reason the GTC and other telescopes need to be so big is to push the maximum resolution. When a photon enters an aperture of a telescope, the uncertainty in its position is reduced to the radius of that aperture. Moreover, according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, there is a corresponding uncertainty in its momentum, which defines the photon's initial direction. As the uncertainty in position rises with the widening of the aperture, the uncertainty in its momentum falls – allowing its direction to be determined with greater precision. In other words, telescopes with larger apertures have a smaller "diffraction limit".

Aglaé Kellerer at Durham University began thinking about how quantum mechanics could provide an alternative to overcome the diffraction limit when she came across similar methods used in microscopy and lithography. "The one horizon for the astronomer today is to build larger telescopes. Somehow, at some point, we need to come up with a different approach," she says.

Cloning techniques

The diffraction limit for a telescope aperture is set per photon – but if there were many identical, cloned photons arriving at the same time, the diffraction limit would be reduced by a factor equal to the square root of their number. To achieve this, Kellerer proposes that a quantum "non-demolition" measurement is performed upon each photon passing through the pupil of the telescope. Such a measurement does not reveal specific information about the photon, but only records its passing. After the measurement, the photon is cloned by letting it "de-excite" atoms, which spontaneously emit several identical photons that are then recorded by a detector, which calculates their average signal.

Unfortunately, the technology required to build a telescope using quantum cloning is very far off since, lacking efficiency, current quantum non-demolition measurements are performed on laser photons. A much closer goal, says Kellerer, is a proof-of-principle experiment in which a quantum telescope would be directed at a very bright light source with a narrow spectral range. This might be done at a laboratory specializing in quantum optics, such as the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, or theInstitute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Innsbruck, Austria. "That's the first step to do now," she says.

Physicist Shigeki Takeuchi at Osaka University in Japan, who recently experimentally demonstrated a microscope that benefits from quantum entanglement, calls it a "very interesting" idea. "I have a feeling that a more detailed theoretical analysis based on quantum physics may be important as the next step," he says.

Even if the principle of the quantum telescope proves to be valid, a question remains whether it would be any easier to exploit quantum mechanics than build a bigger mirror. For her part, Kellerer is confident that the time for a quantum telescope will come, saying "We are getting better and better at exploiting quantum effects...at some point it will become easier to use the quantum optical technology."

The mobile revolution is over. Get ready for the next big thing: Robots

Warner Bros. PicturesIn the Spike Jonze movie "Her," Joaquin Phoenix plays Theodore Twombly, who falls in love with a virtual assistant. See AlsoTravelers would rather bring their smartphone with them over a toothbrush or deodorantLeaked text messages show 'El Chapo' Guzmán was mulling over the iPhone 6 and Galaxy S6 while on the runThis smart suitcase literally follows you around so you'll never have to drag or carry a bag again

The computer industry moves in waves. We're at the tail end of one of those waves — the mobile revolution.

The robot revolution won't be characterized by white plastic desk lamps following you around asking questions in a creepy little-girl voice, like I saw at last week's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. That might be a part of it, but a small part.

Rather, it'll be characterized by dozens of devices working on your behalf, invisibly, all the time, to make your life more convenient.

Some people in the industry use the term "artificial intelligence" or "digital assistants." Others talk about "smart" devices. But none of these terms capture how widespread and groundbreaking this revolution will be. This isn't just about a coffee maker that knows to turThis is about every piece of technology in your life working together to serve you. Robots everywhere, all the time.

Not like the Roomba. More like the movie "Her."

Where we've been

Every 10 or 15 years, a convergence of favorable economics and technical advances kicks off a revolution in computing. Mainstream culture changes dramatically. New habits are formed. Multibillion-dollar companies are created. Companies and entire industries are disrupted and die. 

I've lived through three of these revolutions.

The PC revolution. This kicked off in the 1980s with the early Apple computers and the quick-following IBM PC, followed by the PC clones. Microsoft and Intel were the biggest winners. IBM was most prominent among the big losers, but there were many others — basically, any company that thought computing would remain exclusively in the hands of a few huge computers stored in a data center somewhere. By the end, Microsoft's audacious dream of "a computer on every desk and in every home" was real.

The internet revolution. This kicked off in the mid 1990s with the standardization of various internet protocols, followed by the browser war and the dot-com boom and bust. Amazon and Google were the biggest winners. Industries that relied on physical media and a distribution monopoly, like recorded music and print media, were the biggest losers. By the end, everybody was online and the idea of a business not having a website was absurd.

The mobile revolution. This kicked off in 2007 with the launch of the iPhone. Apple and Samsung were the biggest winners. Microsoft was among the big losers, as its 20-year monopoly on personal computing finally broke. 

n itself on when your alarm goes off, or a thermostat that adjusts to your presence.

APSteve Jobs unveils the first iPhone.

A couple of important points.

First, when a revolution ends, that doesn't mean the revolutionary technology goes away.

Everybody still has a PC. Everybody still uses the internet.

It simply means that the technology is so common and widespread that it's no longer revolutionary. It's taken for granted. 

So: The mobile revolution is over.

More than a billion smartphones ship every year. Apple will probably sell fewer iPhones this year than last year for the first time since the product came out. Huge new businesses have already been built on the idea that everybody will have an internet-connected computer in their pocket at all times — Uber wouldn't make sense without a smartphone, and Facebook could easily have become a historical curiosity like MySpace if it hadn't jumped into mobile so adeptly.

This doesn't mean that smartphones are going away, or that Apple is doomed, or any of that nonsense. But the smartphone is normal now. Even boring. It's not revolutionary.

The second thing to note is that each revolution decentralized power and distributed it to the individual.

CBS/YouTubeMicrosoft cofounders Paul Allen and Bill Gates had to scheme to get access to a computer back when they were in high school.

The PC brought computing power out of the bowels of the company and onto each desk and into each home. The internet took reams of information that had been locked up in libraries, private databases, and proprietary formats (likeThe smartphone took those two things and put them in our pockets and purses.

This year's CES seemed like an "in-betweener." Everybody was looking for the next big thing. Nothing really exciting dominated the show. 

There were smart cars, smart homes, drones, virtual reality, wearable devices to track athletic performance, smart beds, smart luggage (really), and, yeah, weird little robots with anime faces and little-girl voices. 

But if you look at all these things in common, plus what the big tech companies are investing in right now, a picture starts to emerge. 

Sensors and other components are dirt cheap. Thanks to the mobile revolution creating massive scale for the components that go into phones and tablets, sensors of every imaginable kind — GPS, motion trackers, cameras, microphones — are unimaginably cheap. So are the parts for sending bits of information over various wireless connections — Bluetooth LTE, Wi-Fi, LTE, whatever. These components will continue to get cheaper. This paves the way for previously inanimate objects to collect every kind of imaginable data and send simple signals to one another. 

Every big tech company is obsessed with AI. Every single one of the big tech companies is working on virtual assistants and other artificial intelligence. Microsoft has Cortana and a bunch of interesting behind-the-scenes projects for businesses. Google has Google Now, Apple has Siri, Amazon has Echo, even Facebook is getting into the game with its Facebook M digital assistant. IBM and other big enterprise companies are also making huge investments here, as are dozens of venture-backed startups. 

Society is ready. This is the most important point. Think about how busy we are compared with ten or twenty years ago. People work longer hours, or stitch together multiple part-time jobs to make a living. Parenting has become an insane procession of activities and playdates. The "on-demand" economy has gone from being a silly thing only business blogs write about to a mainstream part of life in big cities, and increasingly across the country — calling an Uber isn't just for Manhattan or San Francisco any more. This is the classic situation ahead of a computing revolution — everybody needs something, but they don't know they need it yet.

AP Photo/Mark LennihanAn AI version of Barbie gets to know your child.

So imagine this. In 10 years, you pay a couple-hundred bucks for a smart personal assistant, which you install on your phone as an app. It collects a bunch of information about your actions, activities, contacts, and more, and starts learning what you want. Then it communicates with dozens of other devices and services to make your life more convenient.

Computing moves out of your pocket and into the entire environment that surrounds you.

Your alarm is set automatically. You don't need to make a to-do list — it's already made. Mundane phone calls like the cable guy and the drugstore are done automatically for you. You don't summon an Uber — a car shows up exactly when you need it, and the driver already knows the chain of stops to make. (Eventually, there won't be a driver at all.) compact discs) and made it available to anybody with a computer and a phone line.

If you're hungry and in a hurry, you don't call for food — your assistant asks what you feel like for dinner or figures out you're meeting somebody and orders delivery or makes restaurant reservations. The music you like follows you not just from room to room, but from building to building. Your personal drone hovers over your shoulder, recording audio and video from any interaction you need it to (unless antidrone technology is jamming it). 

Reuters/ Tyrone Siu

At first, only the wealthy and connected have this more automated lifestyle. "Have your assistant call my assistant." But over time, it trickles down to more people, and soon you can't remember what life was like without one. Did we really have to make lists to remember to do all this stuff ourselves?

This sounds like science fiction, and there's still a ton of work ahead to get there. Nobody's invented the common way for all these devices to speak to each other, much less the AI that can control them and stitch them together. So this revolution is still years away. But not that far.

If you try to draw a comparison with the mobile revolution, we're still a few years from the iPhone. We're not even in the BlackBerry days yet. We're in the Palm Pilot and flip-phone days. The basic necessary technology is there, but nobody's stitched it together yet.

But when they do — once again — trillion-dollar companies and industries will rise and fall, habits will change, and everybody will be blown away for a few years. Then, we'll all take it for granted. 

Get THE MID-YEAR SMARTPHONE MARKET REPORT now! A comprehensive look at the global smartphone market from BI Intelligence by platform, vendor, country and more. Insights into the power struggles between the biggest platforms and the underdogs. Get the Report Here » SEE ALSO: I WAS A CES NEWBIE: Here's what I learned in Las Vegas swarming with 170,000 nerds.

What drones can do

With the whine of furious bees, two drones raced three times around Harvard Stadium, rolling and tumbling before a crowd of about 500, then swooping through a goalpost and landing on the artificial turf.But that wasn’t the coolest part.The coolest part was that the spectators could see what drone pilots were seeing as they navigated their pigeon-sized crafts via remote control and special goggles. Screens set up for the audience, nestled under a net tent to guard against a wayward drone, showed every swoop and swerve in real time. This allowed spectators to understand why competitors in the newly formed Drone Racing League say they feel that they are flying “like Superman.”

The demonstration culminated “Making Robotics Fly,” an Oct. 10 event that showcased applications for drones and drone technology. On hand were representations from half a dozen drone-related companies, plus robotics engineers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and students, children, and others fascinated by the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles. The event was staged as part of HUBweek, a collaboration among Harvard University, MIT, The Boston Globe, and Massachusetts General Hospital designed to showcase innovations and ideas in this region’s scientific, artistic, and technology communities.

Saturday afternoon’s drone session was organized by Harvard Business School(HBS), the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the investment firm XFund. Their sponsorship underscored the primary goal of the event: to bring together engineers and entrepreneurs and see what the two perspectives could produce in the emerging field of drones.

“This style of event has never been done before,” said Logan Campbell, an organizer and co-founder of the drone-consulting company Aerotas, which he launched during his last year before graduation from HBS. Usually, he said, drone events are held in tents, so people don’t get a sense of how delivery drones operate. “So we flipped that around; we put the people in the tent to let the drones show off their technology.”

During the event, a drone from the West Coast-based Matternet delivered a T-shirt across the field to the event’s mistress of ceremonies, Sally French. French, the social media editor of the Wall Street Journal digital network who dubs herself “Drone Girl,” spoke of the power when engineers and entrepreneurs — “nerds and used car salesmen,” as she put it — get together.

In another demonstration, Harvard alumnus Michael Kolowich, co-founder of the Boston-based DigiNovations, showed off one of the company’s video drones and even staged a crowd “selfie” via drone.

The presenters, however, mostly focused on the practical uses for drones, not just their “cool” features. Matternet, for example, has been testing drone delivery in Switzerland, and company representatives spoke of creating systems to deliver medicine to remote Third World communities without transportation infrastructure. Drones have been used to find lost hikers, to monitor crops, and even to collect whale DNA, French said.

Drones “have a wide variety of applications: in agriculture, in surveillance, in construction, in security,” said Hugo Van Vuuren ’07, XFund co-founder. “We’re trying to show the public how this burgeoning new industry is coming together.” 

An obstacle to wider public acceptance of drones, Campbell said, is the word itself, which many Americans associate with military applications. But “this isn’t military technology anymore,” he said. “We are focusing on the positive, commercial aspects of it and how this technology can help people.”

It can also be entertaining. Drone Racing League CEO and founder Nick Horbaczewski ’03, M.B.A. ’08, predicts drone racing will become as popular as Formula 1 auto racing.

“Our drones are all about speed,” he told the crowd. “They are as small and light as possible. They are designed with carbon fiber frames to make them more durable.” Unlike camera drones, racing drones aren’t stabilized, and the video feed is low-definition to make it as fast as possible for the pilots. Moreover, “If you’re not crashing, you’re not racing.”

Horbaczewski’s mere suggestion of a future drone race between Harvard and MIT was enough to send a thrilled buzz through the crowd.

The prototype bike that hopes to fly

Rich looks at some of the best of the week's technology news including a flying bike and the competition where robots have to pick items from a shelf.

Rochester Institute of Technology

This is a college where the lights are on 24 hours a day, where you can’t travel through the halls without pausing—to study an exhibit of photos by your fellow students, to marvel at the symmetry of the artisan’s bowl rising from a clay-spattered wheel, to glance into a computer lab at the animation or design projects, or to watch graphic media students operate millions of dollars’ worth of printing equipment like pros. This is a place where creativity and innovation merge to create exciting opportunities for students and faculty alike.

You’ll definitely be impressed by the resources available to you at RIT. Our specialized studios and wide range of equipment are among the most complete and current of any university’s in the world. Our faculty members are active professionals who can teach you both the art and the business of your major field of study. They’ll show you how to create, critique, reproduce, and display your work, and they’ll provide you with the support and insight you need to succeed.The School of Art offers professionally oriented degree programs in fine arts studio (painting, printmaking, sculpture, and new forms), illustration, and medical illustration. You’ll start with a foundation program that prepares you for your major concentration. Your BFA program will be studio-intensive, giving you plenty of time, space, and faculty support to help you develop as an artist. You can immerse yourself in your concentration, developing both technical and creative skills. The School of Art offers you tremendous opportunities to work with traditional media and to use these as bridges—with crafts, photography, digital media, and the Internet—to new forms of art and expression.

After graduation, you’ll have a solid foundation for a career as a professional artist—producing, marketing, and selling your work—or other opportunities such as teaching, consulting, new media development, or arts administration. Illustration graduates work for publishing companies, newspapers, advertising firms, and corporate art departments. Many choose freelance careers. Opportunities are abundant in multimedia production and website design. The specialized skills of medical illustration graduates are in demand by health care, publishing, and educational institutions. You may decide upon graduation to pursue a master’s degree in medical illustration, offered through RIT’s College of Health Sciences and Technology.Studio-intensive majors in the School of Design allow you to develop the technical, creative, and problem-solving skills you need to succeed as a designer—whether you specialize in graphic, interior, industrial, new media, or 3D digital design. A foundation program that prepares you to understand the conceptual, creative process underlying design disciplines is followed by courses that balance visual exploration, theory, applications, and technical design skills.

Throughout the program, you’ll have the personal attention of our talented faculty and the time and resources you need to concentrate on your design projects. A balance of visual exploration, theory, applied projects, and technical development will enable you to explore creative and effective design solutions and will lead you to exciting career opportunities. Our design graduates have found success in art and design studios, publishing houses, equipment and furniture manufacturers, architectural firms, advertising agencies, and packaging design firms.

California Institute of Technology

1.history

The California Institute of Technology is of the famous Institute in the world.The California Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Troop in 1891, the college attracted influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos Noyes, and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century. The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the college assumed its present name in 1921. In 1934, Cal tech was elected to the Association of American Universities, and the antecedents of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán. The university is one among a small group of Institutes of Technology in the United States which tends to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences. Cal tech has six academic divisions with strong emphasis on science and engineering, managing $332 million in 2011 in sponsored research. Its 124-acre primary campus is located approximately 11 mi northeast of downtown Los Angeles. First-year students are required to live on campus, and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus house system. Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks, student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign take-home examinations. The Cal tech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division III's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.Caltech is frequently cited as one of the world's best universities. Despite its small size, 33 Caltech alumni and faculty have won a total of 34 Nobel Prizes and 71 have won the United States National Medal of Science or Technology. There are 112 faculty members who have been elected to the National Academies.

2.Graduate program 

There are many gradiat Programs. The graduate instructional programs emphasize doctoral studies and are dominated by science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. The Institute offers graduate degree programs for the Master of Science, Engineer's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy, BS/MS and MD/PhD, with the majority of students in the PhD program. The most popular options are Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Electrical Engineering and Chemical Engineering. Applicants for graduate studies are required to take the GRE. GRE Subject scores are either required or strongly recommended by several options. A joint program between Caltech and the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine grants MD/PhD degrees. Students in this program do their preclinical and clinical work at UCLA, and their PhD work with any member of the Caltech faculty, including the Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering and Applied Sciences Divisions. The MD degree would be from UCLA and the PhD would be awarded from Caltech. The research facilities at Caltech are available to graduate students, but there are opportunities for students to work in facilities of other universities, research centers as well as private industries. 

Approximately 99 percent of doctoral students have full financial support. Financial support for graduate students comes in the form of fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships or a combination of fellowship and assistantship support. 

3.Alumni 

There are a lot of Alumni which is most important and valuable.Alumni have participated in scientific research. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate Carl D. Anderson proved the existence of positrons and muons, Nobel laureate Edwin McMillan synthesized the first transuranium element, Nobel laureate Leo James Rainwater nvestigated the non-spherical shapes of atomic nuclei, and Nobel laureate Douglas D. 20 alumni and 14 non-alumni faculty have won the Nobel Prize. The Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science", has been awarded to six alumni, and one has won the Fields Medal.Osheroff studied the superfluid nature of helium-3. Donald Knuth, the "father" of the analysis of algorithms, wrote The Art of Computer Programming and created the TeX computer typesetting system, which is commonly used in the scientific community. Narendra Karmarkar is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm.Other alumni have turned their gaze to the universe. C. Gordon Fullerto piloted the third space shuttle mission and orbited the earth in Skylab. Astronaut Harrison Schmitt was the only geologist to have ever walked on the surface of the moon.Astronomer Eugene Merle Shoemaker co-discovered Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and was the first person buried on the moon.Undergraduate alumni founded, or co-founded, companies such as LCD manufacturer Varitronix,Hotmail,Compaq,and Math Works, while graduate students founded, or co-founded, companies such as Intel, TRW, and the non-profit educational organization, the Exploratorium.

Arnold Beckman invented the pH meter and commercialized it with the founding of Beckman Instruments. His success with that company enabled him to provide seed funding for William Shockley who had co-invented semiconductor transistors and wanted to commercialize them. Shockley became the founding Director of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments.Shockley had previously worked at Bell Labs, whose first president was another alumnus, Frank Jewett. Because his aging mother lived in Palo Alto, California, Shockley established his laboratory near her in Mountain View, California.Shockley was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, but his aggressive management style and odd personality at the Shockley Lab became unbearable.In late 1957, eight of his researchers resigned and with support from Sherman Fairchild formed Fairchild Semiconductor. Among the "traitorous eight" was Gordon E. Moore, who later left Fairchild to co-found Intel. Other offspring companies of Fairchild Semiconductor include National Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices, which in turn spawned more technology companies in the area. Shockley's decision to use silicon – instead of germanium – as the semiconductor material, coupled with the abundance of silicon semiconductor related companies in the area, gave rise to the term "Silicon Valley to describe that geographic region surrounding Palo Alto.Caltech alumni also held public offices, with Mustafa A.G. Abushagur the Deputy Prime Minister of Libya, James Fletch the 4th and 7th Administrator of NASA, Steven Koonin the Undersecretary of Energy for Science, and Regina Dugan the 19th director of DARPA. The 20th director for DARPA, Arati Prabhakar, is also a Caltech alumna. Arvind Virmani is a former Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India. In 2013, President Obama announced the nomination of France Cordova as the director of the National Science Foundation and Ellen Williams as the director for ARPA-E.

3.Athletics 

The California Institute of Technology is also famous in Game and sports. it is popular in Athletics. Caltech has athletic teams in baseball, men's and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, men's soccer, swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis, track and field, women's volleyball, and men's and women's water polo. Caltech's mascot is the Beaver, an homage to nature's engineer.Its teams play in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, which Caltech co-founded in 1915. The fencing team competes in the NCAA's Division I, facing teams from UCLA, USC, UCSD, and Stanford, among others.On January 6, 2007, the Beavers' men's basketball team snapped a 207-game losing streak to Division III schools, beating Bard College 81–52. It was their first Division III victory since 1996. Until their win over Occidental on February 22, 2011 the team had not won a game in conference play since 1985. Ryan Elmquist's free throw with 3.3 seconds in regulation gave the Beavers the victory. The documentary film Quantum Hoops concerns the events of the Beavers' 2005–06 season.

On January 13, 2007, the Caltech women's basketball team snapped a 50-game losing streak, defeating the Pomona–Pitzer Sagehens 55–53. The women's program, which entered the SCIAC in 2002, garnered their first conference win. On the bench as honorary coach for the evening was Dr. Robert Grubbs, 2005 Nobel laureate in Chemistry. The team went on to beat Whittier College on February 10, for its second SCIAC win, and placed its first member on the All Conference team. The 2006–2007 season is the most successful season in the history of the program.In 2007, 2008, and 2009, the women's table tennis team competed in nationals. The women's Ultimate club team, known as "Snatch", has also been very successful in recent years, ranking 44 of over 200 college teams in the Ultimate Player's Association.